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Autophagy, as an intracellular degradation system, plays a critical role in plant immunity. However, the involvement of autophagy in the plant immune system and its function in plant nematode resistance are largely unknown. Here, we show that root-knot nematode (RKN;Meloidogyne incognita) infection induces autophagy in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and differentatgmutants exhibit high sensitivity to RKNs. The jasmonate (JA) signaling negative regulators JASMONATE-ASSOCIATED MYC2-LIKE 1 (JAM1), JAM2 and JAM3 interact with ATG8s via an ATG8-interacting motif (AIM), and JAM1 is degraded by autophagy during RKN infection. JAM1 impairs the formation of a transcriptional activation complex between ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 1 (ERF1) and MEDIATOR 25 (MED25) and interferes with transcriptional regulation of JA-mediated defense-related genes by ERF1. Furthermore, ERF1 acts in a positive feedback loop and regulates autophagy activity by transcriptionally activatingATGexpression in response to RKN infection. Therefore, autophagy promotes JA-mediated defense against RKNs via forming a positive feedback circuit in the degradation of JAMs and transcriptional activation by ERF1.

We present a dynamic microcirculation PIPE model for functional neuroimaging, non-neuroimaging, and coherent hemodynamics spectroscopy. The temporal evolution of the concentration and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in tissue, comprised of the contributions from the arterioles, capillaries, and venules of microvasculature, is determined by time-resolved hemodynamic and metabolic variations in blood volume, flow velocity, and oxygen consumption with a fluid mechanics treatment. Key parameters regarding microcirculation can be assessed, including the effective blood transit times through the capillaries and the venules, and the rate constant of oxygen release from hemoglobin to tissue. The vascular autoregulation can further be quantified from the relationship between the resolved blood volume and flow velocity variations. The PIPE model shows excellent agreement with the experimental cerebral and cutaneous coherent hemodynamics spectroscopy (CHS) and fMRI-BOLD data. It further identifies the impaired cerebral autoregulation distinctively in hemodialysis patients compared to healthy subjects measured by CHS. This new dynamic microcirculation PIPE model provides a valuable tool for brain and other functional studies with hemodynamic-based techniques. It is instrumental in recovering physiological parameters from analyzing and interpreting the signals measured by hemodynamic-based neuroimaging and non-neuroimaging techniques such as functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in response to brain activation, physiological challenges, or physical maneuvers.